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Materi Mengenai Variable, Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi, Stack, Queue, Sorting, Searching

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Berikut rangkuman materi tentang matakuliah praktikum struktur data beserta contoh dan studi kasus. Adapun materinya sebagai berikut:<br />
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<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-variable.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Variable</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/array-1-dimensi-dan-2-dimensi.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-stack.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Stack</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-queue.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Queue</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-sorting.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Sorting</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-searching.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Searching</span></a><br />
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Note: Disini Coding semua di compile menggunakan <b>Code::Blocks. </b><br />
untuk referensi sudah tertera di bawah postingan<br />
Terima Kasih</div>

Materi Mengenai Variable, Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi, Stack, Queue, Sorting, Searching

Berikut rangkuman materi tentang matakuliah praktikum struktur data beserta contoh dan studi kasus. Adapun materinya sebagai berikut: Pemrograman C++: Variable Pemrograman C++: Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi Pemrograman C++: Stack Pemrograman C++: Queue Pemrograman C++: Sorting Pemrograman C++: Sear…

05Jun2015

Programming C++: Sorting

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Pengurutan(sorting) diartikan sebagai proses penyusunan kembali sekumpulan objek ke dalam urutan tertentu. Tujuan pengurutan adalah mendapatkan kemudahan dalam pencarian anggota dari suatu himpunan, disamping dapat mempercepat mengetahui data terbesar dan data terkecil, misalkan kita ingin mengetahui perolehan nilai tertinggi dan nilai terendah dari hasil ujian. Contoh objek terurutkan adalah daftar isi, daftar pustaka, dan lain-lain. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Selection Sort</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Pengurutan Naik (Ascending)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Proses pengurutan dengan menggunakan metode Selection Sort secara terurut naik adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Mencari data terkecil dari data pertama sampai data terakhir, kemudian ditukarkan posisinya dengan data pertama.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Mencari data terkecil dari data kedua sampai data terakhir, kemudian ditukarkan posisinya dengan data kedua.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Mencari data terkecil dari data ketiga sampai data terakhir, kemudian ditukarkan posisinya dengan data ketiga.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Dan seterusnya sampai semua data terurut naik. Apabila terdapat n buah data yang akan diurutkan, maka membutuhkan (n-1) langkah pengurutan, dimana data terakhir yaitu data ke-n tidak perlu diurutkan karena hanya tinggal satu-satunya.</li>
<li><span style="text-align: justify;">Cara pengurutannya: seleksi data yang ada kemudian dilakukan swap (pertukaran posisi).</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: justify;">Pada Ascending : seleksi data terkecilkemudian swap.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: justify;">Pada descending : seleksi data terbesarkemudian swap.</span></li>
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<b>Algoritma Selection Sort (Ascending)</b></div>
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<li>Tampung data ke-i</li>
<li>Seleksi data terkecil</li>
<li>Cek apakah data yang ditampung lebih besar dari data hasil seleksi (data terkecil).</li>
<li>Jika pengecekan langkah 3 bernilai “true” :  lakukan pertukaran posisi antara data yang ditampung dengan data terkecil.</li>
<li>Ulangi langkah 1 sampai 4, hingga nilai i sama dengan n.</li>
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<b>Ilustrasi Selection Sort:</b></div>
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Contoh Program Selection Sort:<br />
*Source Code dibawah ini di compile menggunakan Code::Blocks</div>
<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/9ec1b0e809e7dfd71060.js"></script><br />
Tampilan Program:<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Insertion Sort</span></b></div>
Proses yang terjadi pada pengurutan dengan menggunakan metode Insertion Sort dimulai dari data ke-2, kemudian, kemudian disisipkan pada tempat yang sesuai. data pada posisi pertama diandaikan memang sudah pada tempatnya<br />
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<b>Cara Pengurutannya:</b><br />
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<li>Cara pengurutannya: dimulai dari data ke-2 sampai dengan data terakhir, jika ditemukan data yang lebih kecil, maka akan ditempatkan (diinsert) diposisi yang seharusnya.</li>
<li>Ascending : ketika perbandingan ambil data yang paling kecil.</li>
<li>Descending : ketika perbandingan ambil data yang paling besar</li>
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<b>Algoritma Insertion Sort (Ascending)</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<li>Ambil satu data ke-i simpan di temp.</li>
<li>Bandingkan data temp dengan data yang ada disebelah kiri satu per-satu.</li>
<li>Cek apakah data temp lebih kecil dari data sebelah kiri.</li>
<li>Jika langkah nomor 3 bernilai “true” : lakukan pergeseran data satu-persatu kemudian pada posisi yang tepat sisipkan data temp.</li>
<li>Ulangi langkah 1 sampai 4, hingga i sama dengan n</li>
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<b>Ilustrasi Insertion Sort</b></div>
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Contoh Program Insertion Sort:<br />
*Source Code dibawah ini di compile menggunakan Code::Blocks</div>
<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/e17421edff5a933f6118.js"></script><br />
<o:p></o:p>Tampilan Program:<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Baca Juga</b></span><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-variable.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Variable</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/array-1-dimensi-dan-2-dimensi.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-stack.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Stack</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-queue.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Queue</span></a><br />
Pemrograman C++: Sorting<br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-searching.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Searching</span></a><br />
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<b>Referensi:</b><br />
10 Langkah Belajar Logika dan Algoritma, Menggunakan Bahasa C dan C++ by Ema Utami & Sukrisno<br />
http://entin.lecturer.pens.ac.id/SD%20&%20Algoritma%20PJJ/Bulan%204/Minggu%2013%20Searching.pdf<br />
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Programming C++: Sorting

Pengurutan(sorting) diartikan sebagai proses penyusunan kembali sekumpulan objek ke dalam urutan tertentu. Tujuan pengurutan adalah mendapatkan kemudahan dalam pencarian anggota dari suatu himpunan, disamping dapat mempercepat mengetahui data terbesar dan data terkecil, misalkan kita ingin mengetah…

04Jun2015

Pemrograman C++: Stack

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STACK adalah suatu bentuk khusus dari linear list di mana operasi  penyisipan dan penghapusan atas elemen-elemennya hanya dapat dilakukan pada satu sisi saja yaitu posisi akhir dari list. Posisi ini disebut puncak atau disebut sebagai “TOP(S)”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Prinsip Stack adalah LIFO ( Last In First Out ) atau Terakhir masuk pertama keluar. Setiap elemen tidak dapat dikeluarkan (POP keluar) sebelum semua elemen diatasnya dikeluarkan. Elemen teratas (puncak) dari stack dinotasikan sebagai TOP(S)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Misal diberikan stack S sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></div>
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S= [ S2,S2,………, ST ] <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">è</span> maka TOP(S) = ST<o:p></o:p></div>
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Untuk menunjukkan  jumlah elemen suatu stack digunakan notasi NOEL(S). <o:p></o:p></div>
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Dari stack diatas  maka NOEL(S) = T.<o:p></o:p></div>
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NOEL(S) menghasilkan nilai integer.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jika diberikan sebuah stack S = [A,B,C,D] maka stack S ini dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Operasi Pada Stack:<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></b><b>CREATE (STACK)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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  Operator ini berfungsi untuk membuat sebuah stack kosong (menjadi hampa) dan didefinisikan bahwa:<o:p></o:p></div>
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NOEL (CREATE (S)) = 0 dan <o:p></o:p></div>
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TOP (CREATE(S)) = null / tidak terdefinisi<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></b><b>ISEMPTY(STACK)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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 Operator ini berfungsi  untuk menentukan apakah suatu stack adalah stack kosong (hampa) atau tidak. Operasinya akan bernilai boolean dengan definisi sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b> ISEMPTY(S)</b> =  <b>True</b>, jika S adalah stack kosong atau NOEL(S) = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>       False</b>, jika S bukan stack kosong atau NOEL(S) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¹</span> 0<o:p></o:p></div>
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 Catatan : ISEMPTY(CREATE(S)) = true<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></b><b>PUSH(ELEMEN,STACK)</b></div>
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<li>Operator ini berfungsi untuk menambahkan satu elemen ke dalam stack . Notasi yang digunakan adalah  <b>PUSH(E,S)</b></li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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           Artinya : menambahkan elemen E ke dalam stack S</div>
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<li>Elemen yang baru masuk ini akan menempati posisi TOP jadi <b>TOP(PUSH(E,S)) = E</b></li>
<li>Akibat dari operasi ini jumlah elemen dalam stack akan bertambah, artinya NOEL (S) menjadi lebih besar atau stack menjadi tidak kosong (ISEMPTY(PUSH(E,S)) = false )</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></b><b>POP(STACK)</b><br />
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<li>Operator ini berfungsi untuk mengeluarkan satu elemen dari dalam stack, notasinya <b>POP(S)</b></li>
<li>Elemen yang keluar dari dalam stack adalah elemen yang berada pada posisi TOP.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Akibat dari operasi ini jumlah elemen stack akan berkurang atau NOEL(S) berkurang 1 dan elemen pada posisi TOP akan berubah.</li>
<li>Operator ini tidak dapat digunakan pada stack kosong, artinya <b>POP(CREATE(S)) = error condition</b> dan <b>POP(PUSH(E,S)) = S</b></li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Catatan : TOP(PUSH(E,S)) = E<o:p></o:p></div>
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Contoh Program:<br />
<span style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;">*Source Code dibawah ini di compile menggunakan Code::Blocks</span><br />
<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/cb309ce2bf2c27e6ae00.js"></script><br />
Tampilan Program:<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Baca Juga</b></span><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-variable.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Variable</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/array-1-dimensi-dan-2-dimensi.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi</span></a><br />
<span style="color: black;">Pemrograman C++: Stack</span><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-queue.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Queue</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-sorting.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Sorting</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-searching.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Searching</span></a><br />
<br />
<b>Referensi:</b><br />
Materi Dosen Struktur Data Stikom Bali</div>
</div>
</div>

Pemrograman C++: Stack

STACK adalah suatu bentuk khusus dari linear list di mana operasi penyisipan dan penghapusan atas elemen-elemennya hanya dapat dilakukan pada satu sisi saja yaitu posisi akhir dari list. Posisi ini disebut puncak atau disebut sebagai “TOP(S)”. Prinsip Stack adalah LIFO ( Last In First Out ) atau T…

04Jun2015

Pemrograman C++: Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi

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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Array 1 Dimensi</span></b><br />
Array 1 Dimensi mempunyai deklarasi sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></div>
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                <b>Type nama_array[jumlah elemen]<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Contoh:<o:p></o:p></div>
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                float gaji[50];<o:p></o:p></div>
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masing-masing elemen dari array <b>gaji</b> diidentifikasikan dengan subscript atau index array <b>gaji </b>tersebut. Penomorannya dimulai dari 0, sehingga <b>gaji[0] </b>adalah elemen pertama dari array <b>gaji</b> sedangkan <b>gaji[49]</b> merupakan elemen ke 50 dari array <b>gaji</b>. Ada beberapa cara menginisialisasikan suatu array.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Inisialisasi Array<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Nilai suatu variabel array dapat juga diinisialisasikan secara langsung pada saat deklarasi<o:p></o:p></div>
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          Misalnya:<o:p></o:p></div>
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          int nil [5] = {2, 6, 5, 12, 33};<o:p></o:p></div>
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Maka di penyimpanan ke dalam array dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></div>
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     <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengakses Nilai Array<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Untuk mengakses nilai array, dapat menggunakan sintak seperti berikut : <o:p></o:p></div>
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nama_array [index];<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pada contoh diatas, variabel nil memiliki 5 buah elemen yang masing -  masing berisi data.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Misal untuk memberi nilai 55 pada elemen ke 4 maka pernyataannya adalah : </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Nil [3] = 55;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Contoh Program Array 1 Dimensi:<o:p></o:p><br />
*Source Code dibawah ini di compile menggunakan Code::Blocks</div>
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<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/0f7c930eb21e0123ee04.js"></script><br /></div>
Tampilan Program:<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiBKjl_z-7DJFEjvP6jMhc5pNC4rJp2-PFwEYn9LPUayzzrp8EAC7jKdw3-sbRzbtbhfSZo2jVhAx-4EcYE0RgfUO8CWQllTeBlFfwaFHjxhAkT2_G1YsXDWgYxJpufscPU-VkxC2XYA/s1600/Array+1+Dimensi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiBKjl_z-7DJFEjvP6jMhc5pNC4rJp2-PFwEYn9LPUayzzrp8EAC7jKdw3-sbRzbtbhfSZo2jVhAx-4EcYE0RgfUO8CWQllTeBlFfwaFHjxhAkT2_G1YsXDWgYxJpufscPU-VkxC2XYA/s1600/Array+1+Dimensi.png" /></a><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Array 2 Dimensi</span></b><br />
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Array dua dimensi adalah sebuah array dimana tersusun atas 2 indeks yang menandakan baris dan kolom. Seringkali array berdimensi dua disebut sebagai matriks karena mengandung baris dan kolom. Deklarasi umum dari array dua dimensi adalah sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tipe nama-var[indeks1, indeks2] = {…,…,…,….,n};</span></b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">//inisialisasi array berdimensi 2</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Pada array dua dimensi, terdapat <b>indeks1</b> dan <b>indeks2</b> sebagai ukuran indeks array berdimensi 2. Indeks 1 menandakan baris pada array berdimensi 2, sedangkan Indeks2 menandakan kolom pada array dua dimensi. Contoh pendeklarasian array berdimensi 2 adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></div>
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Int bil_ganjil[4] = {1,3,5,7,9}; <i>// inisialisasi array dua dimensi bertipe data integer</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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char alphabet[4] = {‘A’,’B’,’C’,’D’,’E’}; <i>// inisialisasi array dua dimensi bertipe  data char <o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Studi Kasus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Buatlah program untuk membaca elemen-elemen matriks dan menampilkannya!<o:p></o:p><br />
*Source Code dibawah ini di compile menggunakan Code::Blocks</div>
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<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/d61105389de84d4d5348.js"></script><br /></div>
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Tampilan Program:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNwB_CFsQnTCbYEAtqaAdzlRHdcI_VXWSfNRvYl8K1VCJOMG_RA8xwkgILOODyucDVvDF3HTFYwGkqcBhrE9tT0Z8wjc6vo1iDSw3M4-o9rwz6gorQcbvGSiIjbEIPwZCr20WiXJMJ1g/s1600/Array+2+Dimensi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNwB_CFsQnTCbYEAtqaAdzlRHdcI_VXWSfNRvYl8K1VCJOMG_RA8xwkgILOODyucDVvDF3HTFYwGkqcBhrE9tT0Z8wjc6vo1iDSw3M4-o9rwz6gorQcbvGSiIjbEIPwZCr20WiXJMJ1g/s1600/Array+2+Dimensi.png" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Baca Juga</b></span><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-variable.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Variable</span></a><br />
<span style="color: black;">Pemrograman C++: Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi</span><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-stack.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Stack</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-queue.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Queue</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-sorting.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Sorting</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-searching.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Searching</span></a><br />
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<b>Referensi:</b><br />
10 Langkah Belajar Logika dan Algoritma, Menggunakan Bahasa C dan C++ by Ema Utami & Sukrisno</div>
</div>

Pemrograman C++: Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi

Array 1 Dimensi Array 1 Dimensi mempunyai deklarasi sebagai berikut: Type nama_array[jumlah elemen] Contoh: float gaji[50]; masing-masing elemen dari array gaji diidentifikasikan dengan subscript atau index array gaji tersebut. Penomorannya dimulai dari 0, sehingga g…

04Jun2015

Programming C++: Searching

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Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, kita sering melakukan pencarian (searching) data dari sejumlah data yang ada untuk menemukan informasi yang dibutuhkan.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Metode Sequential Search</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Metode sequential search  atau disebut pencarian beruntun yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pencarian data, baik pada array yang sudah terurut maupun yang belum terurut. Proses yang terjadi pada metode pencarian ini adalah sebagai berikut:</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Membaca array data</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Menentukan data yang dicari</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Mulai dari data pertama sampai dengan data terakhir, data yang dicari dibandingkan dengan masing-masing data di dalam array</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Jika data yang dicari tidak ditemukan, maka semua data atau elemen array dibandingkan sampai selesai.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Jika data yang dicari ditemukan, maka perbandingan akan dihentikan</span></li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Contoh Program Searching Sequential Search:<br />
*Source Code dibawah ini di compile menggunakan Code::Blocks</div>
<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/affb11118027a1a6e970.js"></script><br />
Tampilan Program:<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Metode Binary Search</b></span></div>
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Metode Binary Search atau sering pula dinamakan pencarian biner, hanya digunakan untuk pencarian data pada array yang sudah terurut.</div>
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<b>Pencarian Pada Array Terurut Naik</b></div>
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Proses yang terjadi pada pencarian dengan metode ini adalah sebagai berikut:</div>
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<li>Membaca array data</li>
<li>apabila array belum terurut, maka diurutkan dahulu</li>
<li>menentukan data yang akan dicari</li>
<li>menentukan elemen tengah dari array. letak posisi tengah dapat ditentukan dengan tengah=(n div 2)+1.</li>
<li>jika nilai elemen tengah sama dengan data yang dicari, maka pencarian selesai.</li>
<li>jika nilai elemen tengah tidak sama dengan data yang dicari, maka:</li>
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<li>Nilai elemen tengah yang lebih besar daripada data yang dicari akan melakukan pencarian pada setengah array pertama</li>
<li>Nilai elemen tengah yang lebih kecil daripada data yang dicari akan melakukan pencarian data setengah array berikutnya</li>
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Contoh menentukan elemen tengah:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">untuk array yang banyaknya data adalah genap, posisi tengahnya tidak tepat berada ditengah</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbbjzTSdxfcqsFPHo76YprPL7ZBpKvU-pzItHIFpKl8o5uoZMuZe-6gNLV5U_wNLu_kBOqu-rO_NZseZ19K5_gHxe-jTADg3kIb-HeV0R2eDHMGlcprnUyM0anzJQuVk0gvJ9nyr8XsQ/s1600/Searching+Binary+Search+gmbr2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbbjzTSdxfcqsFPHo76YprPL7ZBpKvU-pzItHIFpKl8o5uoZMuZe-6gNLV5U_wNLu_kBOqu-rO_NZseZ19K5_gHxe-jTADg3kIb-HeV0R2eDHMGlcprnUyM0anzJQuVk0gvJ9nyr8XsQ/s1600/Searching+Binary+Search+gmbr2.png" /></a></div>
<br />
Contoh Program Searching Binary Search (Ascending-Descending):<br />
*Source Code dibawah ini di compile menggunakan Code::Blocks<br />
<br />
<br />
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<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/b5261e9e9364153a9b0f.js"></script>Tampilan Program:</div>
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZLXS4KFZbpfXa045DciCLH_X3yTKG5yULJWecYcnHfzQO1Iy-g_XqnMGp4VGvf1TPIcXNUYzlx-m-RepMjbJoI3vrcr7VEdfq1u-p6CwdmbTmMLea3ElDh8HBKiPaWS0289i-Lx__NQ/s1600/Searching+Binary+Search.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZLXS4KFZbpfXa045DciCLH_X3yTKG5yULJWecYcnHfzQO1Iy-g_XqnMGp4VGvf1TPIcXNUYzlx-m-RepMjbJoI3vrcr7VEdfq1u-p6CwdmbTmMLea3ElDh8HBKiPaWS0289i-Lx__NQ/s1600/Searching+Binary+Search.png" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Pencarian Pada Array Terurut Turun</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Proses yang terjadi pada pencarian dengan metode ini sebagai berikut:</div>
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</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Apabila array belum terurut, maka diurutkan dahulu</li>
<li>Menentukan data apa yang akan dicari</li>
<li>Menentukan elemen tengah dari array. letak posisi tengah dapat ditentukan dengan tengah=(n div 2)+1</li>
<li>Jika nilai elemen tengah sama dengan data yang dicari, maka pencarian selesai</li>
<li>Jika elemen tengah tidak sama dengan data yang dicari, maka pencarian selesai</li>
<li>Jika elemen tengah ridak sama dengan data yang dicari, maka:</li>
</ol>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Nilai elemen tengah yang lebih besar daripada data yang dicari akan melakukan pencarian pada setengah array kedua</li>
<li>Nilai elemen tengah yang lebih kecil daripada data yang dicari akan melakukan pencarian pada setengah array pertama</li>
</ul>
<div>
Contoh Program Searching Binary Searh (Descending-Ascending):<br />
*Source Code dibawah ini di compile menggunakan Code::Blocks</div>
<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/d1e5fa390c6514fb0353.js"></script><br /></div>
Tampilan Program:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQO_ZooTBXFvH3KctKLHqd_42PPSYpyxO6gz6gvcrOT4envaWy1MswWltneeRQyqFXd_8AU9G6uLY7nTf4BU4I2FVxMltj0AvpFBCFUTxkJZz4VZv_iBZrrreW5pCx63iDr1ziIJHm6g/s1600/Searching+Binary+Search+Dsc-Asc.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQO_ZooTBXFvH3KctKLHqd_42PPSYpyxO6gz6gvcrOT4envaWy1MswWltneeRQyqFXd_8AU9G6uLY7nTf4BU4I2FVxMltj0AvpFBCFUTxkJZz4VZv_iBZrrreW5pCx63iDr1ziIJHm6g/s1600/Searching+Binary+Search+Dsc-Asc.png" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Baca Juga</b></span><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-variable.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Variable</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/array-1-dimensi-dan-2-dimensi.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-stack.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Stack</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-queue.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Queue</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-sorting.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Sorting</span></a><br />
<span style="color: black;">Pemrograman C++: Searching</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span>
<b>Referensi:</b><br />
10 Langkah Belajar Logika dan Algoritma, Menggunakan Bahasa C dan C++ by Ema Utami & Sukrisno</div>
</div>

Programming C++: Searching

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, kita sering melakukan pencarian (searching) data dari sejumlah data yang ada untuk menemukan informasi yang dibutuhkan. Metode Sequential Search Metode sequential search atau disebut pencarian beruntun yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pencarian data, baik pada arra…

03Jun2015

Pemrograman C++: Queue

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Queue adalah suatu bentuk khusus dari linear list dengan operasi penyisipan (insertion) hanya pada salah satu sisi ( Rear/ belakang) dan operasi penghapusan (deletion) hanya diperbolehkan pada sisi lainnya (Front/ depan) dari list.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Antrean   Q  = [ Q1, Q2, Q3,……….., QT]<o:p></o:p></div>
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                Front(Q) = bagian depan dari antrean Q<o:p></o:p></div>
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                Rear(Q)  = bagian belakang dari antrean Q<o:p></o:p></div>
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                Noel(Q)  = Jumlah elemen di dalam antrean ( berharga integer)<o:p></o:p></div>
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                Jadi :  Front(Q) = QT<o:p></o:p></div>
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                           Rear(Q) = Q1<o:p></o:p></div>
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                           Noel(Q) = T<o:p></o:p></div>
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Antrean beroperasi secara <b>FIFO ( First In First Out)</b> yang pertama masuk, yang pertama keluar.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Operasi dasar pada Antrean :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>CREATE(Q)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Operator untuk membentuk suatu antrean hampa<o:p></o:p></div>
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Q = [,…….,]<o:p></o:p></div>
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NOEL(CREATE(Q)) = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
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FRONT(CREATE(Q)) = tidak didefinisikan<o:p></o:p></div>
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REAR(CREATE(Q)) = tidak didefinisikan<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>ISEMPTY(Q)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Operator yang menentukan apakah antrean Q hampa atau tidak.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Operand dari operator ISEMPTY adalah antrean. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Hasilnya bertipe data Boolean<o:p></o:p></div>
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ISEMPTY(Q) =<b>TRUE</b> jika Q adalah antrean hampa (NOEL(Q) = 0), <b>FALSE</b> jika Q bukan antrean kosong (NOEL(Q) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¹</span> 0)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>INSERT(E,Q)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Operator yang menyisipkan elemen E ke dalam antrean Q<o:p></o:p></div>
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Catt : Elemen Q ditempatkan pada bagian belakang antrean dan antrean menjadi lebih panjang<o:p></o:p></div>
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Q = [ A, B, C, D]<o:p></o:p></div>
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REAR(INSERT(E,Q)) = E<o:p></o:p></div>
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FRONT(Q) = A<o:p></o:p></div>
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NOEL(Q) = 5<o:p></o:p></div>
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ISEMPTY(INSERT(E,Q)) = FALSE<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>REMOVE(Q)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Operator yang menghapus elemen bagian depan dari antrean Q dan antrean menjadi lebih pendek<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jika   NOEL(Q) = 0 maka REMOVE(Q) = ERROR ( UNDERFLOW)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penyajian dari antrean :</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">One way list</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Array</span></li>
</ol>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Menunjukkan bagaimana suatu antrean dalam array Queue dengan N elemen<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Antrean yang disimpan dalam array dengan 5 lokasi memori
sebagai array Sirkular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ALGORITMA QINSERT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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QINSERT(QUEUE, N, FRONT, DATA)<o:p></o:p></div>
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1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>{Apakah antrean penuh}<o:p></o:p></div>
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  Jika FRONT = 1 dan REAR = N atau Jika FRONT = REAR+1, maka Write : OVERFLOW, return.<o:p></o:p></div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>Jika FRONT = NULL  maka FRONT := 1, REAR := 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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   Dalam hal ini <o:p></o:p></div>
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            Jika FRONT = N maka REAR := 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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   Dalam hal lain<o:p></o:p></div>
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            REAR := REAR + 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>QUEUE(REAR) := DATA ( masukkan elemen baru)<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>Return<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ALGORITMA QDELETE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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QDELETE(QUEUE, N, FRONT, REAR, DATA)<o:p></o:p></div>
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1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>{Apakah antrean kosong}<o:p></o:p></div>
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 Jika FRONT = NULL,  maka Write : UNDERFLOW, return.<o:p></o:p></div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>DATA := QUEUE(FRONT)<o:p></o:p></div>
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3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>(FRONT mendapat nilai baru)<o:p></o:p></div>
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  Jika FRONT =REAR  maka FRONT := NULL<o:p></o:p></div>
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  REAR := NULL<o:p></o:p></div>
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  Dalam hal ini:<o:p></o:p></div>
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            Jika FRONT := N maka FRONT :=  1<o:p></o:p></div>
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  Dalam hal lain:<o:p></o:p></div>
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             FRONT := FRONT + 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>Return<o:p></o:p></div>
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Contoh Program Queue:<br />
*Source Code dibawah ini di compile menggunakan Code::Blocks</div>
<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/94e0a4f72d3406b6b9d4.js"></script><br />
Tampilan Program:<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Baca Juga</b></span><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-variable.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Variable</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/array-1-dimensi-dan-2-dimensi.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-stack.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Stack</span></a><br />
Pemrograman C++: Queue<br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-sorting.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Sorting</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-searching.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Searching</span></a><br />
<br />
<b>Referensi:</b><br />
Materi Dosen Struktur Data Stikom Bali</div>

Pemrograman C++: Queue

Queue adalah suatu bentuk khusus dari linear list dengan operasi penyisipan (insertion) hanya pada salah satu sisi ( Rear/ belakang) dan operasi penghapusan (deletion) hanya diperbolehkan pada sisi lainnya (Front/ depan) dari list. Antrean Q = [ Q1, Q2, Q3,……….., QT] Front(Q) = b…

03Jun2015

Pemrograman C++: Variable

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Fungsi variable di dalam program adalah untuk menyimpan suatu nilai tertentu dimana nilai tersebut dapat diubah-ubah. Variable dapat dianggap sebagai sebuah tempat penyimpanan yang dapat diisi oleh suatu data yang isinya dapat berubah-ubah. Pendeklarasian variable dapat dilakukan dengan bentuk:</div>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Di dalam program C/C++, data harus menuruti suatu tipe data yang dikenal oleh bahasa pemrograman C/C++. Dengan demikian, semua data di dalam program (sisi tegak, karakter-karakter dalam sebuah tulisan, data pribadi pasien, titik-titik koordinat, dan lain-lain) harus dibawa ke tipe yang paling sesuai</div>
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Data berdasarkan jenisnya, dapat dibagi menjadi empat tipe data dasar yaitu:<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>Tipe Integer<o:p></o:p></div>
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   Variable bertipe integer digunakan untuk menyimpan data-data bernilai bilangan bulat<o:p></o:p></div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>Tipe float<o:p></o:p></div>
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   Variable bertipe float digunakan untuk menyimpan data-data bernilai real<o:p></o:p></div>
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3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>Tipe char<o:p></o:p></div>
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  Variable bertipe char digunakan untuk menyimpan data-data berupa karakter yakni huruf, simbol,          dan angka<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span>Tipe Tak Bertipe (void)<o:p></o:p></div>
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   Variable ini digunakan apabila suatu fungsi tidak menghasilkan nilai<o:p></o:p><br />
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Bahasa C merupakan bahasa yang mempunyai sedikit kata kunci, yakni hanya mempunyai 32 kata kunci seperti tabel dibawah ini:</div>
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auto<o:p></o:p></div>
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double<o:p></o:p></div>
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int<o:p></o:p></div>
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struct<o:p></o:p></div>
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break<o:p></o:p></div>
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else<o:p></o:p></div>
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long<o:p></o:p></div>
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switch<o:p></o:p></div>
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case<o:p></o:p></div>
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enum<o:p></o:p></div>
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register<o:p></o:p></div>
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typedef<o:p></o:p></div>
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char<o:p></o:p></div>
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extern<o:p></o:p></div>
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return<o:p></o:p></div>
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union<o:p></o:p></div>
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const<o:p></o:p></div>
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float<o:p></o:p></div>
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short<o:p></o:p></div>
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unsigned<o:p></o:p></div>
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continue<o:p></o:p></div>
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for<o:p></o:p></div>
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signed<o:p></o:p></div>
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void<o:p></o:p></div>
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default<o:p></o:p></div>
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goto<o:p></o:p></div>
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sizeof<o:p></o:p></div>
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volatile<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr style="height: 18.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.1pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
do<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.1pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
if<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.6pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
static<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.25pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
while<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Sedangkan untuk bahasa C++ terdapat beberapa kata kunci tambahan seperti tabel dibawah ini:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
asm<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
false<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.65pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
protected<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
try<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 19.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
bool<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
friend<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.65pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
public<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
typeof<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
catch<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
inline<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.65pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
reinterpret_cast<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
tytpeid<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 19.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
class<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
mutable<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.65pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
static_cast<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
typename<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
const_cast<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
namespace<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.65pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
template<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
using<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 19.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
delete<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
new<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.65pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
this<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
virtual<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
dynamic_cast<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
operator<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.65pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
throw<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 19.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
explicit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
private<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.65pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
true<o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b>Tipe daftar-variable<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Setiap variable mempunyai tipe dan hanya data yang bertipe sama dengan tipe variable yang dapat disimpan di dalam variable tersebut. Setiap variable mempunyai nama. Pemisah antar variable dilakukan dengan memberikan tanda koma (,) contoh:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
int jumlah;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
float harga_per_unit, total_biaya;<br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Variable jumlah hanya boleh menerima data integer atau bulat, tidak boleh menerima data bertipe lainnya. Variable harga_per_unit dan total_biaya hanya bisa diisi dengan bilangan float atau pecahan.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Variable juga dapat diberikan nilai dengan menggunakan tanda sama dengan (=) seperti contoh berikut:</div>
</div>
<div>
<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/c1987df3fe3ba754c21e.js"></script></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
Dalam bahasa C/C++, tanda sama dengan(=) juga dapat digunakan untuk memberikan multiple assigment seperti contoh:<br />
a=b=c=d=5 yang akan sama dengan:<br />
<br />
a=5;<br />
b=5;<br />
c=5;<br />
d=5;<br />
<br />
jika variable ditempatkan di atas fungsi main() maka variable tersebut merupakan variable global sedangkan variable lokal terletak di dalam suatu fungsi<br />
<br />
berikut contoh program mendeklarasikan variable:<br />
*Source Code dibawah ini di compile menggunakan Code::Blocks</div>
<script src="https://gist.github.com/dithaevangelist/a4320fd8a2d3f279000a.js"></script><br /></div>
Tampilan Program:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMGlIjHvmq1lm-0ODe7xXSbcwgVFqg0dTHCMuBqgENT6vrAmPxwNo9jnV4lQQFXpB1hYaKtL4DungT8YCl_nQL8uUlzlusOaP8h0SA7YRhMvwjreQIogJ8mHhYU-TaYWSb8tdSBtlfgg/s1600/Variable.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMGlIjHvmq1lm-0ODe7xXSbcwgVFqg0dTHCMuBqgENT6vrAmPxwNo9jnV4lQQFXpB1hYaKtL4DungT8YCl_nQL8uUlzlusOaP8h0SA7YRhMvwjreQIogJ8mHhYU-TaYWSb8tdSBtlfgg/s1600/Variable.png" /></a></div>
<br />
Total SKS = 48<br />
Total Biaya = 120000<br />
Nama dari suatu variable dapat ditentukan sendiri oleh pemrogram dengan aturan sebagai berikut:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Terdiri dari gabungan huruf dan angka dengan karakter pertama harus berupa huruf. Bahasa C ++ bersifat case-sensitive artinya huruf besar dan kecil dianggap berbeda. Jadi antara nim, NIM dan Nim dianggap berbeda.</li>
<li>Tidak boleh mengandung spasi.</li>
<li>Tidak boleh mengandung symbol-simbol khusus, kecuali garis bawah (underscore). Yang termasuk symbol khusus yang tidak diperbolehkan antara lain : $, ?, %, #, !, &, *, (, ), -, +, = dsb.</li>
<li>Panjangnya bebas, tetapi hanya 32 karakter pertama yang terpakai.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Contoh penamaan variabel yang benar : NIM, a, x, nama_mhs, f3098, f4, nilai, budi, dsb.<br />
Contoh penamaan variable yang salah : %nilai_mahasiswa, 80mahasiswa, rata-rata, ada spasi, penting!, dan lain-lain<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Baca Juga</b></span><br />
<span style="color: black;">Pemrograman C++: Variable</span><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/array-1-dimensi-dan-2-dimensi.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Array 1 Dimensi dan 2 Dimensi</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-stack.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Stack</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/pemrograman-c-queue.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Queue</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-sorting.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Sorting</span></a><br />
<a href="http://dithasatriaaa.blogspot.com/2015/06/programming-c-searching.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Pemrograman C++: Searching</span></a><br />
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<b>Referensi:</b><br />
10 Langkah Belajar Logika dan Algoritma, Menggunakan Bahasa C dan C++ by Ema Utami & Sukrisno</div>

Pemrograman C++: Variable

Fungsi variable di dalam program adalah untuk menyimpan suatu nilai tertentu dimana nilai tersebut dapat diubah-ubah. Variable dapat dianggap sebagai sebuah tempat penyimpanan yang dapat diisi oleh suatu data yang isinya dapat berubah-ubah. Pendeklarasian variable dapat dilakukan dengan bentuk: Di …

03Jun2015

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